Mobilization of Deposits

Topic: â€Å"Mobilization of deposits in banking system of Pakistan† Submitted to: Ma’am Bushra Submitted by: Muhammad Mumtaz (09-arid-929) Tayyab Sultan (08-arid-387) Muhammad Sohail Zafar (09-arid-934) Farhan Ahmed (08-arid-402) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to Almighty ALLAH who had made us able to complete this project with the true knowledge. Special thanks are due to our respected teacher Ma’am Bushra Zulfiqar who have shown us the right way to go for our project to success and enlightened our mind with the tips and guidance to think creatively.We are thankful to our friends, who help us a lot during this course of project. Table of content: 1) Deposit——————————————————————————-4 2) Current Accounts——————————— ———————————-4 3) HBL Freedom Account————————————————————4 4) HBL Business ValueAccount—————————————————-4 5) Term Accounts———————————————————————-5 6) HBL Advantage Account———————————————————-5 7) Investment Plus Deposit————————— —————————â €”–5 8) Savings Accounts————————————————– —————–5 9) PLS – Savings Account————————————————————-6 10) Remittance Munafa Plus Savings Account—————————————6 11) Foreign Currency Accounts———————————————————7 12) Mobilization of deposits————————————————————-8 13) HBL Car Loan—————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ ——————8 14) HBL Car To Car———————————————————————–9 15) HBL Credit Card———————————————————————10 16) HBL Home Loan———————————————————————11 17) HBL INVESTMENT BANKING———————————– ————–13 18) HBL Zarai Banking————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€14 19) MCB Islamic banking——————————————————- ——–17 20) Al-Makhraj Saving Account————————————————— —–17 21) IANAT Account———————————————————————–18 22) Al Makhraj Term Deposit————————————————————20 23) Ijarah———————†”————————————————————20 24) Murabahah——————————————————————– ———-21 25) Diminishing Musharika Equipment————————————————-21 Abstract: Banks generally adopt following strategies to mobilize their Deposits in two categories 1-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Demand Deposits which are payable to the owner on demand i. e Savings Accounts Current Account etc. 2-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time Deposits.These are Fixed Deposit for various tenors ranging from month to 10 years and are payable at maturity. * Banks accept Deposits from institutions like Government institution s, public ltd and Private limited companies and Trusts etc. * Banks accept Deposits from general public by launching various Deposit schemes catering the needs of every segment of society and offer attractive Profit rates on these schemes. * For example HBL offers HBL Money club Account to kids up to the age of 18 and offer ATM Card (with restricted Limit) and attractive Profit Rates up to 7. 55% to attract the youngsters who will subsequently prefer to maintain their Account with HBL till life time. For Businessmen who frequently transfer money to and from their Accounts to make their business payments HBL offers Freedom Account in which they can make Drafts of unlimited Number and amount and free online funds transfer by maintaining minimum daily balance of Rs. 25,000. 00/- only. This strategy attracts huge numbers of businessmen to HBL which has competitive advantage of largest Network of branches in every city of Pakistan with online facility. * For customers mostly businessmen who want profit on daily basis HBL Offers HBL Daily Progressive Account on which profit is calculated on daily basis and credited into customers Accounts at month end. * Similarly to encourage the remittances by expatriates through banking channels HBL offers RMPA Remittance Plus Munafa Accounts. * HBL mobilizes its deposits in the form of investments in projects and give loan to corporations as well as to the consumer.HABIB BANK LIMITED: DEPOSITS: There are different types of deposits account. Current Accounts: Make unlimited transactions while maintaining a low minimum balance every month. Current Account of HBL: * Minimum balance of Rs. 5,000 * Unlimited transactions * Non-profit bearing * HBL Debit Card and Inter Branch Transaction System (IBTS) facilities * Funds transfer to any bank through HBL Phone Banking Basic Banking Account (BBA): * Can be opened with only Rs. 1,000 * No minimum balance requirement * Up to 2 withdrawal and 2 deposit transactions free every month * Unlimi ted withdrawals through HBL Debit Card * Non-profit bearing HBL Freedom Account:Use your money as you please with HBL Freedom Account. Rest free from worries and expand your business with unmatched accessibility. HBL Business Value Account: * No minimum balance requirement * HBL Debit Card and Inter Branch Transaction System (IBTS) facilities * Unique transactional account for Businessmen * Up to 10 Bankers Cheques free (at minimum balance of Rs. 500,000) * Profit calculated daily, paid every quarter * Up to 5. 35% profit per annum * Funds transfer to any bank through HBL Phone Banking. * Nominal monthly maintenance charge of Rs. 50 Term Accounts: Invest your savings in our term deposits for a fixed duration and earn profit while keeping your savings secure.HBL Advantage Account: | | |   | | | | | | | | | Term| Profit per annum| 1 Year | | 12. 00%| | 3 Year | | 14. 00%| | 5 Year | | 15. 00%| | 10 Year | | 18. 00%| | | | |   | †¢ | Multiple options for tenure and profit payo ut. | †¢| Loan facility up to 90% of investment. | †¢| Minimum investment of Rs. 25,000. | †¢| Withdrawal at end of fixed term. | Investment Plus Deposit: * Profit paid at maturity * Minimum investment of Rs. 20 million| * Multiple options for tenure and profit payout| * Withdrawal at end of fixed term * Account for Institutions| Savings Accounts: Avail the flexibility of making transactions while earning profit on daily/monthly basis.HBL Value Account: * 7. 19% profit per annum| * Profit calculated monthly, paid every quarter| * Deposit ranges from Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 1,000,000| * Two withdrawals free every month| PLS – Savings Account: * 5. 06% profit per annum| * Profit paid bi-annually| * HBL Debit Card and Inter Branch Transaction System (IBTS) facilities| * Funds transfer to any bank through HBL Phone Banking| * Minimum balance of Rs. 20,000| * Unlimited transactions| Remittance Munafa plus Savings Account: * Special account for receiving foreign remittance s| * 5. 12% profit per annum| * Profit paid every month| * Minimum balance of Rs. 20,000| Daily Munafa Account: Profit calculated daily, paid every month| * Up to 8. 84% profit per annum| * HBL Debit Card and Inter Branch Transaction System (IBTS) facilities| * Funds transfer to any bank through HBL Phone Banking| * Minimum balance of Rs. 20,000| Daily Progressive Account: * Unique transactional account for Institutions| * Profit calculated daily, paid every month| * Up to 11. 57% profit per annum| * Inter Branch Transaction System (IBTS) facility| * Funds transfer to any bank through HBL Phone Banking| * Minimum balance of Rs. 20,000| Foreign Currency Accounts: HBL offers Foreign Currency Accounts in multiple currencies as savings and term accounts. FC-SB: Savings Account offered in 3 currencies, USD (US dollar), EUR (Euros) and GBP (UK pound)| * Tiered product, with rates depending on choice of currency| * To earn profit, minimum balance should be 1000 USD, EUR or GBP| * Interest is payable on a quarterly basis| HYFFD (High Yield Foreign Currency Fixed Deposit): * Available in 1 month, 2 month, 3 month, 6 month and 12 Month in USD, EUR | * Tiered product, with rates depending on choice of currency and term| * Profit paid on maturity only. | Mobilization of deposits: HBL CAR LOAN: HBL CarLoan helps you get your preferred car through a simple and hassle-free process, backed by superior service and support. Now you can drive a car you always wanted. Features: * Choice of used, new local/imported and reconditioned imported car. * Repayment options ranging upto 7 years. | * Up to 85% of financing for the car of your choice. | * Insurance at all times for complete peace of mind and security. | * Round the clock support available through HBL Phone Banking you can place your requests and queries, track the status of your repayment/loan account and avail other value-added services through HBL Phone Banking. | Eligibility criteria: | Salaried Individuals | Self-Employ ed Business persons/ Professionals | Citizenship| Pakistani| Pakistani| Age| 22-60 years | 22-65 years | Minimum monthly income| Rs. 20,000 | Rs. 25,000 | Documentation: Salaried Individuals | †¢ | Copy of CNIC | | 2 recent passport size photographs| †¢| Latest original salary slip and personal bank statement for last 3 months| | Self-Employed Business persons/Professionals| †¢ | Copy of CNIC | †¢| 2 recent passport size photographs| †¢| Bank statement for last 6 months and bank letter confirming details of account| †¢| Proof of business| | HBL Car To Car:| HBL Car To Car is a revolutionary car financing offer. It makes the car of your choice affordable and practical with a buy back guarantee. HBL CarToCar offers matchless features and unique options at the end of the lease. Now you can drive a new car at the end of every two years. Features: Affordability:With HBL Car To Car, you only have to pay the difference between the car price and the pre-agreed residual value to the bank. As a result, the monthly installment may even be 40% to 50% less than that of conventional financing Upgrade of lifestyle: HBL gives you the guarantee that if you wish to return the car to us at the end of the lease term, you will not have to pay off the car’s residual value. Instead, we will directly settle this outstanding liability for you under the buy back guarantee. Hence, you can upgrade to a new car as frequently as two years* without any complication and hassle. Pay only for what you use:When you lease a car under HBL Car To Car, you only pay for that part of the car’s value that you use during the lease term.The car’s residual value* (forecasted for the end of the specific lease term) is agreed with you at the start of the lease term. This amount is deducted from the car price thus lowering the finance amount. This finance amount is based only on a part of the car’s value and not the full value of the car. Therefore, HBL CarToCar offers very low installments as compared to any conventional financing. |   | .| Flexibility| | HBL Car To Car offers you several choices at the end of the lease term:| * Upgrade – Simply return the car to HBL and drive a new one home | | * Walk away – Return the car to HBL and end the lease| | * Buy – Keep the same car.Just make a one-time settlement of the car’s residual value to HBL or pay the same in easy installments over a specified extended period of time| | * Sell – Enjoy the gain from selling off the car at a higher price in the market than what you ay HBL as the residual value| Eligibility criteria: | Salaried Individuals | Self-Employed Business persons/ Professionals | Citizenship| Pakistani| Pakistani| Age| 22-60 years | 22-65 years | Minimum monthly income| Rs. 20,000 | Rs. 25,000 | Documentation: Self-Employed Business persons/Professionals †¢ | Copy of CNIC | †¢| 2 recent passport size photographs| †¢| Bank statement for last 6 months and bank letter confirming details of account| †¢| Proof of business| Salaried Individuals | †¢ | Copy of CNIC | †¢| 2 recent passport size photographs| | Latest original salary slip and personal bank statement for last 3 months| | | | HBL Credit Card:| Welcome to a world of convenience and flexibility. Accepted at over 29 million merchants worldwide, HBL Credit Card makes shopping fun and paying simple. So make the most of your shopping experience. Gold Card|   | Green Card| Rupees| Minimum gross salary requirements| Rupees| 50,000| | Salaried individuals| 15,000| | 180,000| | Self-employed business persons/professionals| 25,000| | | Rupees| Credit limit range| Rupees| 150,000| | Minimum| 20,000| | 500,000| | Maximum| | | | HBL Home Loan:| HBL Home Loan offers financing options to purchase a new house or renovate an existing house.Outright purchase: The outright purchase loan option provides financing for buying a new house. Home im provement: Home-improvement loan option provides financing for renovating your house. Outright Purchase| Descriptors| Home Improvement/ Renovation | 3 years to 20 years| Loan tenure| 3 years to 20 years| Rs. 300,000 – Rs. 15,000,000| | Loan amount| Rs. 300,000 – Rs. 5,000,000| | 85%| | Maximum financing amount (as % of appraised value of the property)| 70%| | 5 years| Property lease (years remaining at the time of loan maturity) | 5 years| Borne by the Bank| | Property insurance| Borne by the Bank| | Primary applicant and co-borrower| | Life insurance through HBL by the insurance company on HBL panel)| Primary applicant and co-borrower| | Eligibility criteria: | Salaried Individuals| Self-Employed Business Persons/ Professionals| Nationality | Pakistani (resident) | Pakistani (resident) | Age criteria of the main applicant and co-borrower whose income is being clubbed (spouse only)| | Permanent employees Minimum age at the time of loan application should be 21 years. M aximum age at the time of loan maturity should be 60 years. Contractual employees Minimum age at the time of loan application should be 21 years. Maximum age at the time of loan maturity should be 55 years | Minimum age at the time of loan application should be 21 years.Maximum age at the time of loan maturity should be 65 years. | | Length of Employment| | Permanent employees Minimum 1 year experience; 6 months experience with confirmed employment status in the current job. Contractual employees Minimum 2 years work experience. Third party contractual not eligible. | Minimum 2 years experience in personal business| | | Documentation:| Salaried Individuals| | * CNIC copy * 2 passport size photographs * Letter from employer * 2 latest salary slips or salary certificate * Bank statement for last 6 months and bank letter confirming details of account * Copies of property documents| | Self-Employed Business Persons/ Professionals| CNIC copy * 2 passport size photographs * Proprietorship : Bank Certificate / Latest Tax Assessment Order * Latest one year bank statement * Partnership Deed * Registered Form C * Memorandum, Article of association and registered Form 29 A (applies to company directors) * Copies of property documentsSchedule of bank charges: Application processing charges (including 16% FED)| Rs. 7,000/- (non-refundable)| Early settlement charges | 4. 7% of outstanding principal | Partial payment charges | 4. 7% of adjusted principal | Late payment charges | Rs. 700 (for each late payment) | Property evaluation fee | Actual cost plus 16% FED to be recovered | Legal fee | Actual cost plus 16% FED to be recovered | | HBL INVESTMENT BANKING: HBL offers full-service Investment Banking capabilities to its clientele. This year alone, HBL has closed over thirty transactions with a cumulative worth of over USD 2 billion. This is a testament to the out-of-box thinking and the innovative products we bring to our customers.The Investment Banking Group functions in t hree specialist business areas: Project Finance, Debt Capital Markets & Syndications and Equity Capital Markets & Advisory. Project finance: The bulk of HBL’s project finance practice revolves around the power sector. Prior to the power policy of 2002, HBL actively pioneered Project Finance in Pakistan through the funding of a gas-fired co-generation plant (94 Megawatts of power and desalination of 3 million gallons per day). Subsequent to the 2002 power policy, HBL continues to play a fervent role in the sector and is the only Investment Bank that was Lead Advisor to all IPP transactions that achieved financial close.In the fertilizer sector, HBL financed the largest local currency financing in Pakistan, worth PKR 23 billion, as well as a green field venture in the telecom sector worth PKR 12 billion. Debt Capital Markets & Syndications: Depending on the requirements of its customers, HBL offers a variety of products, including syndications, securitizations, privately placed and listed TFCs, term finance facilities, commercial papers, etc. HBL played the lead role in a number of significant debt transactions, including PKR 15. 14 billion TFC issue (the largest privately placed issue in Pakistan), the first bond offering for any microfinance institution in all of Asia, credit enhancement for a rapidly growing company in the consumer durables sector and numerous tier-2 capital transactions for commercial banks. Equity & Advisory:HBL offers a breadth of equity and advisory products including innovative capital raising techniques, restructurings, public and private equity placements and mergers & acquisitions. The HBL team played a pivotal role across several sectors, including energy, agriculture, consumer products, fertilizers, etc. , for raising various forms of equity and quasi-equity. Recently, HBL structured a convertible debt note with a built-in Put feature for a US-based provider of agriculture technology and dairy solutions – a first of it s kind transaction in Pakistan. HBL also provides valuation for a company in the food and beverages sector. HBL ZaraiBanking:HBL ZaraiBanking facilities are spread across the country and provide financing through more than 800 of our branches. HBL’s presence in all agriculture belts of the country ensures easy access to farmers in rural areas. HBL ZaraiBanking provides loans to small-scale land owning farmers as well as large institutionalized and alliance based finance, enhancing agricultural harvest and, in turn, economic output of the country. Products: HBL ZaraiBanking enables farmers to invest in premier quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural implements and non-farm setups through its various product programs. Crop Inputs: Crop specific finance for purchase of Agri inputs such as seed, fertilizer, pesticide and other related inputs. Farm Implements:Finance available for purchase of farm implements & machinery like combined harvester, sprayers, ploughs, tube wells and other crop-related tools/implements. Tractors/Agricultural Vehicles: Finance available to individual farmers, self-employed tractor operators, providing the option to select vehicles from a range of different manufacturers. Livestock: Finance available for feed, medicines, raw material, raising charges and other related activities. Poultry: Finance available for all poultry related activities including poultry farm construction/equipment, hatchery plant & machinery, poultry feed, poultry medicines, composite feed production, poultry processing and other related activities. Fish Farming: Finance available for inland fish farms as well as deep-sea fishing.This includes procurement of boat, fish locating equipment, nets & ropes, ice maker, fish farm water solution, hatchery construction/equipment, purchase of medicines / feed and other related activities. Group Lending: Joint finance facility for a group of farmers with small land holdings for working capital requirement. MC B Islamic banking Islamic Banking Division was formed with effect from 1st January 2003, which in a short span of time, has developed sufficient expertise, necessary infrastructure, information technology, and manpower to run Islamic Banking Operations and offer Islamic Banking Products. Mission statement: To play a dynamic role in promotion of Islamic Banking and win customers trust by providing sharia compliant financial services. Vision:To become a leader among Islamic Banks of the country in the coming years capturing major share of the domestic Islamic financial market. Al-Makhraj Saving Account: The minimum deposit requirement for Al-Makhraj Saving Account is only Rs. 5000 and profits can be earned 6-monthly. Other features associated with this product are as follows: Minimum Initial Deposit: Rs. 5000 Islamic Tools used in designing the product: Mudaraba/ Musharaka Product to be availed by: Individuals & Joint Account Holders (Local) Companies, Corporate, Trusts, etc Special A dvantages: For Customer = Bi-Annual Profit Payment; Withdrawal Facility Shariah = Meets requirements for Shariah Compliance Additional Features: | * Personalized Cheque books| * Withdrawal Facility from ATM/ Debit Card| | * Online deposit as per bank's policy| | * Virtual Banking| | * Call Centers Facilities| | * 6-monthly profit payment on the basis of monthly declared rates| | * Issuance of duplicate statement of account (as per SOBC)| | * Free bank balance certificates (once in 6 months)| | * Taking stop payment/ hold mail/ standing instructions| | * No penalty if balance falls below minimum level. | | * Personal financial consultancy services (regarding Shariah Compliant products)| | * Utility bill payment via ATM card| | * Choice of statement frequency (as per Schedule of Charges)| IANAT Account:For customers who are looking for a chequing account that gives them the ease of doing unrestricted number of transactions, we offer Al-Makhraj Ianat Account. With a minimum of only Rs. 10,000, Ianat Account may be opened. With all the features and facilities that this product offers, it is highly recommended for management of business funds. Details of the product are as follows:| | 1| Minimum Initial Deposit: Rs. 10,000| 2| Product to be availed by: Individuals ; Joint Account Holders (Local), Companies, Corporate, Trusts, etc| 3| Additional Features: | | A| Personalized Cheque books| | B| Withdrawal Facility from ATM/ Debit Card| | C| Online deposit as per bank's policy| D| Debit card; Utilities payment via ATM card| | E| Virtual Banking| | F| Call center facilities| | G| Free bank balance certificates (once in 6 months)|   | H| Taking stop payment/ hold mail/ standing instructions|   | I| Issuance of duplicate statement of account (as per Schedule of Charges)|   | J| Choice of statement frequency (as per Schedule of Charges)|   | K| No penalty if balance falls below minimum level. | 4| Banking Network: IBD's Branch only| | Al Makhraj Term Deposit: A mi nimum of Rs. 25,000 is required for investment in Al-Makhraj Term Deposit. Choice of tenors can be made from a list of options namely 1, 3 ; 6 months, 1 or 2years.Profit payment options available to customers are monthly, quarterly and/ or at maturity. Details of the product are as follows: * Minimum Deposit: Rs. 25,000| * Islamic Tools used in designing the product: Mudaraba/ Musharaka| * Tenors Available:1 mth, 3 mth, 6 mth, 1 yr or 2 yrs | * Product to be availed by: Individuals ; Joint Account Holders (Local), Companies, Corporate, Trusts, etc| * Special Advantages: | | * For Customers = Profit Payment Options customized to suit needs of customers; Minimum Deposit requirement’s lower than most banks so it is more accessible/ affordable for people | | * Shariah = Meets requirements for Shariah Compliance | | * Additional Features: | | * Call center facilities| * Taking hold mail/ standing instructions for profit payments etc| | * Personal financial consultancy services (re garding Shariah Compliant products)| Profit Sharing Ratio on Al-Makhraj Account: Profit Sharing Ratio on Al-Makhraj Riba-Free Savings ; Term Deposit   Accounts is: Rabbul Maal (Depositor)|   Ã‚  70%| Mudarib (Bank)|   Ã‚  30%| MCB offers 3 broad Islamic fund based facilities: * Ijarah * Mudarabah * Diminishing Musharika Equipment Ijarah: MCB’s Islamic Ijarah, analogous to the English term ‘leasing’, is based on the ‘Ijarah wa Iqtina’ concept which means the sale of the asset to the lessee (customer) after the Ijarah has matured. Under this scheme, MCB will be the owner of the asset, and you (lessee) will be given the asset to use

Social Media Analytics Tools How to Choose the Best One For Your Brand

Social Media Analytics Tools How to Choose the Best One For Your Brand Here’s something we say around the office: â€Å"If you can’t measure it, you didn’t actually do anything.† That goes for every strategy and tactic we execute. Including social media marketing. In order to measure social performance, you need a robust set of tools that can measure your core metrics and KPIs. That’s where having a solid suite of social media analytics tools comes in. They’re essential for gathering all your important performance metrics in one place, and producing reports that prove you’re making a meaningful impact on your business. Best of all, we’ve built robust social analytics features right into , making our platform your go-to destination for measuring and reporting on social media performance. In this post, we’ll cover: How makes it easy to plan, schedule, and measure all your social media content in one place. How to use our full social analytics suite to measure every post and campaign. How stacks up against other tools on the market. Ready? Let’s go.

How to Write an Informative Speech

How to Write an Informative Speech Often students will need to learn how to write an informative speech sometime in the last couple of years of high school or first couple of years in college. Writing an informative speech has two primary considerations – length of the speech and flow. When first learning how to write an informative speech, students make the following two errors – length of speech is too short/too long or the wording selected is difficult to give due to the words being unnatural to the speaker. You may want to write your speech quickly and using the higher language and sentence structure that gets you the best grades in your writing classes; however, how to write an informative speech is completely different from how to write a professional paper. You will need the words on the page to flow naturally, and your question is: you may write that way, but do you speak that way. Read your paragraphs aloud slowly while you work on your paper. Single paragraphs where you will evaluate the sentences, structure, and terminology along the way using a criteria that finds a common ground between your normal speech patterns and the need to sound educated during your speech – do you normally speak in long sentences, or short sentences, can you pronounce all the words in the paragraph or are a few taking a little longer to come out correctly, and will you be able to maintain a strong flow or beat through the talking. Finally, check the time of your speech by reading through your paper quickly, because barring interruptions, if this is your first time giving a speech you may find yourself either stumbling or reading too quickly while in front of an audience. All the practice in the world will not make up the 30 seconds of silence while you wait for your time at the podium to end. You can also order a custom informative speech at our professional speech writing service which is committed to provide customers with high-quality custom written speeches.

Why Atoms Form Chemical Bonds With Each Other

Why Atoms Form Chemical Bonds With Each Other Atoms form chemical bonds to make their outer electron shells more stable. The type of chemical bond maximizes the stability of the atoms that form it. An ionic bond, where one atom essentially donates an electron to another, forms when one atom becomes stable by losing its outer electrons and the other atoms become  stable (usually by filling its valence shell) by gaining the electrons. Covalent bonds form when sharing atoms results in the highest stability. Other types of bonds besides ionic and covalent chemical bonds exist, too. Bonds and Valence Electrons The very first electron shell only holds two electrons. A hydrogen atom (atomic number 1) has one proton and a lone electron, so it can readily share its electron with the outer shell of another atom. A helium atom (atomic number 2), has two protons and two electrons. The two electrons complete its outer electron shell (the only electron shell it has), plus the atom is electrically neutral this way. This makes helium stable and unlikely to form a chemical bond. Past hydrogen and helium, its easiest to apply the octet rule to predict whether two atoms will form bonds and how many bonds they will form. Most atoms need eight electrons to complete their outer shell. So, an atom that has two outer electrons will often form a chemical bond with an atom that lacks two electrons to be complete. For example, a sodium atom has one lone electron in its outer shell. A chlorine atom, in contrast, is short one electron to fill its outer shell. Sodium readily donates its outer electron (forming the Na ion, since it then has one more proton than it has electrons), while chlorine readily accepts a donated electron (making the Cl- ion, since chlorine is stable when it has one more electron than it has protons). Sodium and chlorine form an ionic bond with each other to form table salt (sodium chloride). A Note About Electrical Charge You may be confused about whether the stability of an atom is related to its electrical charge. An atom that gains or loses an electron to form an ion is more stable than a neutral atom if the ion gets a full electron shell by forming the ion. Because oppositely charged ions attract each other, these atoms will readily form chemical bonds with each other. Why Do Atoms Form Bonds? You can use the periodic table to make several predictions about whether atoms will form bonds and what type of bonds they might form with each other. On the far right-hand side of the periodic table is the group of elements called the noble gases. Atoms of these elements (e.g., helium, krypton, neon) have full outer electron shells. These atoms are stable and very rarely form bonds with other atoms. One of the best ways to predict whether atoms will bond with each other and what type of bonds they will form is to compare the electronegativity values of the atoms. Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction an atom has to electrons in a chemical bond. A large difference between electronegativity values between atoms indicates one atom is attracted to electrons, while the other can accept electrons. These atoms usually form ionic bonds with each other. This type of bond forms between a metal atom and a nonmetal atom. If the electronegativity values between two atoms are comparable, they may still form chemical bonds to increase the stability of their valence electron shell. These atoms usually form covalent bonds. You can look up electronegativity values for each atom to compare them and decide whether an atom will form a bond or not. Electronegativity is a periodic table trend, so you can make general predictions without looking up specific values. Electronegativity increases as you move from left to right across the periodic table (except for the noble gases). It decreases as you move down a column or group of the table. Atoms on the left-hand side of the table readily form ionic bonds with atoms on the right side (again, except the noble gases). Atoms in the middle of the table often form metallic or covalent bonds with each other.

Writing exercises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Writing exercises - Essay Example is the gripping, intense, and engrossing analysis of diverse group of jurors who are uncomfortably assembled together to deliberate after hearing some facts from an apparently open-and-shut murder trial. They leave to a jury room for civic duty and pass a just verdict for indigent minority defendant whose life is at crossroad. The jury of the twelve angry men, delegated the power to take an uneducated, teenaged and tenement-dwelling boy to electric chair for murdering his dad with a switchblade knife, literally locked themselves in a small, enclosed rectangular room on a boiling hot summer day and made a unanimous decision. The compelling, provocative film reveals the deep-seated, perceptual biases and weaknesses, personal prejudices, indifference, anger, cultural differences, personalities, unreliable judgments, ignorance and fears of the twelve men, which threaten to skew their decision-making abilities hence causing them to ignore real issues of the case, and make unjust actions. The jury room was characterized with heated discussions, the frequent re-assessment and changing of opinions, the formation of alliances, votes and certainties, and the re-consideration of personal experiences, outbursts and insults. Nonetheless, one brave rebellious juror was not part of the plot to cause miscarriage of justice at the commencement of the deliberations due to his reasonable doubt. Determinedly and persuasively, he urged the other eleven men to slowly rethink and review the wobbly case (and eyewitness testimony) concerning the endangered defendant. He further chastises the system for granting the unfortunate offender an incompetent court-appointed defense lawyer who â€Å"felt bitter about being appointed† - a case with â€Å"no glory, no money or much chance of winning† - and who inefficiently cross-examined the witnesses. The claims of juror No.8 was an example of ethical virtue. This film clearly shows the eleven jurors did not ethically deliberate and they could not

Compare and contrast the values, institutions and actions of the Essay

Compare and contrast the values, institutions and actions of the city-states of Sparta and Athens - Essay Example Athenian citizens had enjoyed strong constitutional rights in political and legal aspects. This made them strong, materially and psychologically, which was envied by many non-citizens and these aspects were not compromised upon for anything else. At the Funeral Oration of Pericles, it was declared that the Greek Constitution was unique in its laws and is an example for others. It is meant for all people of the State and hence is democracy. The laws provide equal justice to all in their private differences; no form of discrimination is allowed based on social status or race and creed and not even by economic status. Any citizen serving the State will not be hindered by the obscurity of his position. This freedom extends from government to ordinary life (Butler, K; 18). Political organizations in Athens and the surrounding cities differed in specific instance conflict, as well as cooperation among groups. Athens was always in a better position than other States and tend to dictate to t he smaller states with which it was in league. Failure to meet Athenian expectations, whether reasonable or unreasonable, sometimes resulted in harsh treatment and other sorts of vindications announced. The impact of Greek concepts spread extensively through the Roman jurisprudence and philosophy, particularly the idea of ‘rights’ that the Greek government had announced. On the other side, Sparta was also admired by the Ancient World for different reasons. It was a military prowess and had a stable political system. Military, in Sparta, was different in that it was strengthened to cause repression of the majority of the internal population instead of defense against external aggression. This is treated as an early example of the conscious creation of state institutions for massive, ongoing repression of the kind Hobbes’ absolutist governor would have to have. Contrast to the Athenian ideology,

CIS212_U5_Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS212_U5_Discussion - Essay Example Legal compliance relates to the kind of rules, regulations, and laws that an institution operating a business activity must comply with (Wood, 2014). These, also apply to the entire staff in such an organization. The institution normally has to identify what requirements the law requires it to have before setting foot into starting the venture. Contrary to this, the business may end up with many penalties that may curtail its ability to survive. These requirements are inclusive of the premises you intend to lease and employment through meeting particular obligations of the employer. Further, it consists the agreements with your suppliers, the structuring of your business, how to manage risks, and dealing with contracts. In addition, look at how safe and healthy your working environment is beside the enormous concentration on information and its privacy. Business continuity plan is a vital step for an institution to respond to an incident for instance floods, fire so as to restore its essential functionalities (Snedaker, 2007). Although each system stipulates how they plan is, there are everyday things in the program. They include threat analysis, areas affected, details on emergency and teams for recovery. Further, methods to backup data off the site are important alongside plans for alternative power. The step seeks to reinstate the business operations to the initial state of operation. To accomplish this, there is need to weigh the damage, have an estimate for the costing and inclusion of companies on insurance. Also deal with managing and following up on the process of recovery. The shift to the standard management team is also